California Management Review

Abstract

This paper discusses the limits to the application of a consultative-participative approach in management. D. McGregor points out the need for preparation of subordinates and gradual change on the part of autocrats who would suddenly become participative. R. R. Blake and J. S. Mouton indicate that many people still lack the competence to deal independently with technically complex work situations and therefore require high degrees of planning, directing and controlling of their efforts by others. R. Likert lists no specific constraints but he observed that the orientation of some 17 percent of employees is toward dependent rather than participative behavior and that more authoritarian workers respond less favorably to participative leadership.

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